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because of the way Oracle stores LOB data. Recall that LOB storage involves a LOB locator and a LOB value. When you select a LOB column, what you get is the LOB locator (not the LOB value). So an update typically involves two steps: 1. Get the LOB locator. 2. Update the LOB. Now consider the following scenario: 1. User 1 selects a LOB column. 2. User 2 selects the same LOB column. 3. User 1 starts updating the selected LOB column. 4. User 2 updates the selected LOB column at the same time as user 1. If the row is not locked, the users actions would overwrite each other. Note that this is different from the lost update issue (discussed in 16), in that the contents are not just overwritten, but also can contain a mixture of the two writes at the end. In other words, if locking is not made mandatory, it is quite possible that two writes could interfere with each other, creating content that neither of them intended in the first place. Hence, the row needs to be locked. The following code snippet first selects the clob_col value into a local variable and then uses the dbms_lob.writeappend procedure to append some text to it. It then updates the table with the new value. benchmark@ORA10G> declare 2 l_clob clob_table.clob_col%type; 3 l_str_to_append varchar2(32760) := 4 begin

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So far you have seen how you can perform LINQ-style queries using a set of aggregate operators that work on enumerable objects, and you will see these very same operators query and manipulate XML data in the coming section. Performing querying and manipulation on relational data is done almost the same way, except that these are implemented under the hood by calling LINQ. Assuming that you have mapped your employees database with SqlMetal and created the main database object as db, here is an example similar to those in earlier sections using F# LinqToSql syntax: open Microsoft.FSharp.Quotations.Typed open Microsoft.FSharp.Data.Linq open Microsoft.FSharp.Linq.SequenceOps let res = SQL <@ { for emp in ( db.Employees) when emp.BirthDate.Value.Year > 1960 && emp.LastName.StartsWith "S" -> (emp.FirstName, emp.LastName) } |> take 5 @> for (first, last) in res do printfn "%s %s" first last

The code file the global.asax inherits from doesn t have to be in the App_Code directory. In ASP.NET 1.x, it was compiled into the assembly containing all the compiled code behind for the pages. You could place a standalone assembly into the bin directory (and add a reference to it to have the IDE copy it in), and reference the fully qualified name of a type in that assembly that inherits from HttpApplication. This is an easy strategy for reusing your global.asax implementation across different IIS applications. Just add a reference to the assembly within whatever application you want to use it from. Of course, you ll need to add a reference to the System.Web assembly in the project where you create the assembly, as this is where HttpApplication is defined. You can even create the class as an abstract base class and have functionality that s customizable from application to application. Let s take at look reusing a definition of HttpApplication across different IIS Applications by creating a new class library project as shown in Figure 2-7.

rpad('*',32760,'*');

One notable difference between this and previous queries is the use of F# quotations inside <@ and @>. As shown in 9, quotations are reified syntax trees that can be read and manipulated by F# programs. Quoted expressions (provided by the Microsoft.FSharp.Quotations.Typed namespace) are of type Expr<'a>, where 'a is the type of the unquoted expression. You can read more on meta-programming via F# quotations in depth in 9. Note that in F# quotation literals, the splice symbol indicates that a value is being inserted into the quotation expression tree. This allows quotations to reference defined objects and values such as those representing the database. The type of the previous SQL function is as follows:

We first select the LOB, taking care to lock the row by using the for update clause in the select statement: 5 6 7 8 select clob_col into l_clob from clob_table where rownum <= 1 for update; -- without this, you can't update the clob column