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Just like the CONFIGURE CHANNEL command, the BACKUP command has parameters that can help you improve performance or limit the computing resources that a channel uses for an RMAN backup Here are the key tuning parameters for the BACKUP command: MAXPIECESIZE: The maximum size of a backup piece per channel FILESPERSET: The maximum number of files per backup set MAXOPENFILES: The maximum number of input files that a channel can have open at a given time BACKUP DURATION: Decrease or increase the time to complete the backup You ve seen the parameters MAXPIECESIZE, FILESPERSET, and MAXOPENFILES before Note that MAXPIECESIZE and MAXOPENFILES have the same purpose as in the CHANNEL commands, except that they apply to all channels in the backup BACKUP DURATION specifies an amount of time to complete the backup You can qualify this option with MINIMIZE TIME to run the backup as fast as possible or MINIMIZE LOAD to use the entire timeframe specified in the BACKUP DURATION window In addition, you can use the PARTIAL option, as you might expect, to save a partial backup that was terminated due to time constraints For example, to limit a full database backup to two hours, run it as fast as possible, and save a partial backup; you may use this command:

RMAN> backup duration 2:00 partial database;

If the backup does not complete in the specified time frame, the partial backup is still usable in a recovery scenario after a successive BACKUP command finishes the backup and you use the PARTIAL option Without the PARTIAL option, the backup would terminate with an error

When you are satisfied with your text, click the check mark at the right end of the Options bar to commit the text to its layer Alternatively, you can click any other tool in the toolbox or on a layer in the Layers palette to commit the text to its layer To cancel the text layer, click the X button at the right end of the Options bar or press CTRL- (Windows) or CMD- (Mac)

Whether you use synchronous or asynchronous I/O in your RMAN environment depends on several factors These factors include the type of device you use for backup sets (disk or tape) and whether the output device or host operating system supports synchronous or asynchronous I/O Even if the host operating system or device does not support native asynchronous I/O, you can configure RMAN to simulate asynchronous I/O using initialization parameters such as DBWR_IO_SLAVES After you review the key differences between asynchronous and synchronous I/O, you will learn how to monitor the performance of each type of I/O using dynamic performance views, identify where the throughput bottleneck is, and adjust RMAN parameters accordingly

When RMAN reads or writes data, the I/O operations are either synchronous or asynchronous A synchronous I/O operation limits a server process from performing more than one operation at a time It must wait for one operation to finish before another can start As you might expect, an asynchronous operation can initiate an I/O operation and immediately perform other operations, including initiating another I/O operation You can use initialization parameters to control the type of I/O operations For tape backups, you can set BACKUP_TAPE_IO_SLAVES to TRUE to configure backups for asynchronous operations Otherwise, set it to FALSE for synchronous operations The default is FALSE For disk backups, most modern operating systems support native asynchronous I/O However, if your operating system does not support it, you can still set BACKUP_ TAPE_IO_SLAVES to TRUE and direct Oracle to simulate asynchronous I/O by setting DBWR_IO_SLAVES to a nonzero value This allocates four backup disk I/O slaves to simulate RMAN asynchronous I/O operations

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To monitor asynchronous I/O operations, you use the dynamic performance view V$BACKUP_ASYNC_IO The key columns to watch are the following: IO_COUNT Number of I/Os performed on the file

Text created like this is also called point type because it s treated as a single line of text only To create multiple lines of text that can be edited as a whole, see the tip Create and Modify Multiple Lines of Text later in the chapter